The Parts of a Leaf

Most leaves have two main parts: (1) the blade and (2) the petiole, or leafstalk. The leaves of some kinds of plants also have a third part, called the stipules. The Blade, or lamina, is the broad, flat part of the leaf. Photosynthesis occurs in the blade, which has many green food-making cells. Leaf blades differ from one another in several ways: (1) the types of edges, (2) the patterns of the veins, and (3) the number of blades per leaf. The Types of Edges. Almost all narrow, grasslike leaves and needles leaves have a blade with a smooth edge, as do many broadleaf plants, particularly those that are native to warm climates. The rubber plant, a common house plant, is a good example of such a plant. The leaves of many temperate broadleaf plants have small, jagged points called teeth along the blade edge. Birch and elm trees have such leaves. Some plants have hydathodes, tiny valvelike structures that can release excess water from the leaf. The teeth of young leaves on many plants, including cottonwood and pin cherry trees, bear tiny glads. These glands produce liquids that protect the young leaf from plant-eating insects. Some temperate broadleaf plants -- including sassafras trees and certain mulberry and oak trees -- have lobed leaves. The edge of such a leaf looks as if large bites have been taken out of it. This lobing helps heat escape from the leaf. The Patterns of the Veins. Veins carry food and water in a leaf. They also support the blade, much as the metal ribs support the fabric of an open umbrella. In most broad leaves, the veins form a netlike pattern, with several large veins connected by smaller ones. The smallest veins supply every part of the blade with water. They also collect the food made by the green cells. There are two main types of net-vein patterns -- pinnate (featherlike) and palmate (palmlike or handlike). Pinnately veined leaves have one large central vein, called the midrib, which extends from the base of the blade to its tip. Other large veins branch off on each side of the midrib. The leaves of beech, birch, and elm trees have such a vein pattern. A palmately veined leaf has several main veins of about equal size, all of which extend from a common point at the base of the blade. The vein patterns of maple, sweet gum, and sycamore leaves are palmate. Narrow leaves and needle leaves are not net-veined. Narrow leaves have a parallel-vein pattern. Several large veins run alongside one another from the base of the blade to the tip. Small crossveins connect the large veins. Needle leaves are so small that they have only one or two veins running through the center of the blade. The Number of Blades per Leaf. A leaf with only blade is called a simple leaf. Apple and oak trees, grasses, and many other plants have simple leaves. A leaf with more than one blade is known as a compound leaf. The blades of a compound leaf are called leaflets. The leaflets in a compound leaf may be arranged in a pinnate or palmate pattern. In pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets grow in two rows, one on each side of a central stalk, called the rachis. Plants with pinnately compound leaves include ash and walnut trees and garden peas. The leaflets in a palmately compound leaf all grow from the tip of the leafstalk. Clover, horse chestnut trees, and many other plants have palmately compound leaves. A few plants -- including carrots, honey locust trees, and Kentucky coffeetrees -- have double compound leaves, with each leaflet being divided into a number of still smaller leaflets.One double compound leaf looks more like a group of twigs and leaves than like a single leaf. The Petiole is the stemlike part of the leaf that joins the blade to the stem. Within a petiole are tiny tubes that connect with the veins in the blade. Some of the tubes carry water into the leaf. Others carry away food that the leaf has made. In many trees and shrubs, the petioles bend in such a way that the blades receive the most sunlight, thus assuring that few leaves are shaded by other leaves. The petiole also provides a flexible "handle" that enables the blade to twist in the wind and so avoid damage. In some plants, the petioles are much larger than the stems to which they are attached. For example, the parts we eat of celery and rhubarb plants are petioles. In contrast, the leaves of some soft-stemmed plants, particularly grasses, have no petioles. The Stipules are two small flaps that grow at the base of the petiole of some plants. In some plants, the stipules grow quickly, enclosing and protecting the young blade as it develops. Some stipules, such as those of willows and certain cherry trees, produce substances that prevent insects from attacking the developing leaf. In many plants, the stipules drop off after the blade has developed. But garden peas and a few other kinds of plants have large stipules that serve as an extra food-producing part of the leaf. Functions of the Leaf 1. The leaves enclose cells containing green plastids called chloroplasts. The green colour of the chloroplasts is due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll. Due to this pigment, plants are capable of synthesising their food by a process called photosynthesis. 2. The stomatal openings of the leaves help in the entry of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in the removal of excess of water in the form of vapour during transpiration. 3. Exchange of respiratory gases takes place through leaves. 4. In some plants like Amaranthus, the leaves serve to store food materials. 5. In plants like Bryophyllum, the leaves take part in vegetative propagation. Parts of a Leaf A typical dicot leaf (e.g., Hibiscus) consists of the following parts, namely, Axillary bud, petiole and lamina. fig. 27.32 Parts of a Typical Leaf Leaf Base Leaf base is the portion by which the leaf is attached to the stem. In monocots the leaf base is of sheathing type. In dicots the leaf base could bear two lateral outgrowths called stipules. In some plants like Pea, bean, etc. the leaf base is swollen and is called pulvinus. Petiole It is the stalk of the leaf. A leaf with a petiole is described as petiolate, e.g., Hibiscus. A leaf without a petiole is called sesile, e.g., Calotropis. In Lemon, Orange and such plants the petiole develops two wing-like extensions on two sides. Such a petiole is said to be a winged petiole. The angle between the petiole and the stem is called axil, and a bud present in the axil is the axillary bud. Leaf Blade or Lamina It forms the green expanded portion of the leaf. In the dicot leaf, the lamina has a central midrib running from the base to the apex. The lamina on either side produces veins which in turn produce veinlets, to form a network of veins. Hence the venation is described as reticulate type. The edge of the lamina is called the leaf margin, which may be entire or smooth, or variously cut and lobed. In most dicots, the leaf grows horizontally and only the upper surface is exposed to sunlight (dorsiventral). Exception : Eucalyptus Monocot Leaf (e.g., Zea mays) In general, the monocot leaf resembles the dicot leaf. The part of leaf attached to the stem is the leaf base which expands into a sheath (sheathing base). The leaves are upright and both the sides are equally exposed to sunlight (isobilateral). The leaf shows parallel venation. Blade: The broad, usually flat part of a leaf or petal.   Node: The place on the stem where a leaf, branch, or root is attached (or has been attached). Stem: The part of the plant bearing leaves and flowers and composed of nodes and internodes (space between the nodes). Sometimes also below ground (see rhizome, corm, stolon, tuber).